Windows 10 preview
Follow these steps to download Insider Preview:
- Sign up for the Windows Insider Program, if you haven't already.
- Read the system requirements.
- Click one of the Download links on this page to download a special file—it's called an ISO file—that you can use to install the preview.
- When the download is complete, transfer the ISO file to installation media such as a USB flash drive or DVD.
- Double-tap or double-click setup.exe from the installation media, and then follow the steps.
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/preview-iso
CCNA
Cisco Certified Network Associate
PORT
The term port can refer to either physical or
virtual connection points. There are two kinds of port,
Physical port:
Physical network ports allow connecting cables to computers,
routers, modems and other peripheral devices. Several different types of
physical ports available on computer network hardware. A physical port, as
opposed to a virtual or logical port is an interface on a computer into which
you can insert a connector for a device.
Examples of Physical Port: RJ45 port (Ethernet/LAN/NIC
Port), Serial Port (RS-232), USB Port.
Virtual port:
Virtual
ports are part of TCP/IP networking. These ports allow software
applications to share hardware resources without interfering with each other.
Computers and routers automatically manage network traffic traveling via their
virtual ports.
Port numbers range from 0 to 65536, but only ports numbers 0
to 1024 are reserved for privileged services and designated as well-known
ports. This list of well-known port numbers specifies the port used by the
server process as its contact port.
| Port Number | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | TCP Port Service Multiplexer (TCPMUX) |
| 5 | Remote Job Entry (RJE) |
| 7 | ECHO |
| 18 | Message Send Protocol (MSP) |
| 20 | FTP -- Data |
| 21 | FTP -- Control |
| 22 | SSH Remote Login Protocol |
| 23 | Telnet |
| 25 | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) |
| 29 | MSG ICP |
| 37 | Time |
| 42 | Host Name Server (Nameserv) |
| 43 | WhoIs |
| 49 | Login Host Protocol (Login) |
| 53 | Domain Name System (DNS) |
| 69 | Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) |
| 70 | Gopher Services |
| 79 | Finger |
| 80 | HTTP |
| 103 | X.400 Standard |
| 108 | SNA Gateway Access Server |
| 109 | POP2 |
| 110 | POP3 |
| 115 | Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) |
| 118 | SQL Services |
| 119 | Newsgroup (NNTP) |
| 137 | NetBIOS Name Service |
| 139 | NetBIOS Datagram Service |
| 143 | Interim Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) |
| 150 | NetBIOS Session Service |
| 156 | SQL Server |
| 161 | SNMP |
| 179 | Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) |
| 190 | Gateway Access Control Protocol (GACP) |
| 194 | Internet Relay Chat (IRC) |
| 197 | Directory Location Service (DLS) |
| 389 | Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) |
| 396 | Novell Netware over IP |
| 443 | HTTPS |
| 444 | Simple Network Paging Protocol (SNPP) |
| 445 | Microsoft-DS |
| 458 | Apple QuickTime |
| 546 | DHCP Client |
| 547 | DHCP Server |
| 563 | SNEWS |
| 569 | MSN |
| 1080 | Socks |
CCNA
Cisco Certified Network Associate
OSI Layer
1. Application Layer
This layer supports application and
end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service
is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints
on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is
application-specific. This layer provides application services for transfers-mail,
and other network software services. Telnet and FTP are
applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application
architectures are part of this layer.
Eg: WWW Browser, FTP, HTTP, Telnet,
Nfs, Snmp
2. Presentation layer
This layer provides independence
from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating
from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer
works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept.
This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network,
providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the
syntax layer.
Eg: encryption, ASCII,
EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG, MIDI.
3. Session Layer
This layer establishes, manages
and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets
up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between
the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.
Eg: NFS, NetBios names, RPC, SQL.
4. Transport Layer
This layer provides transparent
transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for
end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data
transfer.
Eg: SPX, TCP, UDP.
5. Network Layer
This layer provides switching and routing technologies,
creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data
from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this
layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control
and packet sequencing.
Eg: AppleTalk DDP, IP, IPX.
6. Data link layer
At this layer, data packets are encoded and
decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and
management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame
synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media
Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer.
The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the
data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization,
flow control and error checking.
Eg: PPP, FDDI, ATM, IEEE
802.5/ 802.2, IEEE 802.3/802.2, HDLC, Frame Relay.
7. Physical layer
This layer conveys the bit stream
- electrical impulse, light or radio signal through the network at
the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means
of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards
and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with
physical layer components.
Eg: Ethernet, FDDI, B8ZS, V.35,
V.24, RJ45
Repair Outlook
Data Files (.pst and .ost) for Outlook 2010
1. Open
Windows Explorer and select the drive:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\OFFICE14
folder.
If
errors are found, you are prompted to start the repair process to fix the
errors.
6. Click Repair.
Start
Outlook with the profile that contains the .pst file that you tried to repair.
1. Open
Windows Explorer and select the drive:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\OFFICE14
folder.
2. Double-click Scanpst.exe.
3. In
the Enter the name of the file you want to scan box, enter the name of the .pst or
.ost file that you want to check, or click Browse to select the file.
4. To
specify the scan log options, click Options, and then click the option
that you want.
5. Click Start.
6. Click Repair.
Start
Outlook with the profile that contains the .pst file that you tried to repair.
How to save Outlook messages in PDF format
Creating
Rules to Manage Your Email
Click File -> Info , and then the Manage Rules & Alerts button.
Click New Rule... on
the Email Rules tab. The Rules
Wizard dialog will pop up
Rules & Alerts : Select a template, choose the template that most closely resembles the
action you would like to take. Ensure you select a template from the Stay Organized or Stay Up to Date sections
Rules
Wizard: Edit the rule description, click
on the underlined text in order to specify the details of your rule (e.g. move
messages from Office Watch mailing list into the Newsletters folder). Check
carefully to make sure that the details are correct and complete. Click Next
Select any additional criteria you would like to set , Select condition(s) by
clicking on the underlined words and
adding in your criteria.
Specify the details for those criteria in the Edit the rule description box
(optional)
Type a name for the rule in the box for Specify a name for this rule
Tick the box next to Run this rule now... if
you want to apply the rule to messages already received
When
you are certain of the details of the rule and want to commit to it, click Finish
Your rule will now appear listed, with a description of the
settings, in the Rules and Alerts dialog
box
Click New Rule... on the Email Rules tab. The Rules Wizard dialog will pop up
Rules & Alerts : Select a template, choose the template that most closely resembles the action you would like to take. Ensure you select a template from the Stay Organized or Stay Up to Date sections
Rules Wizard: Edit the rule description, click on the underlined text in order to specify the details of your rule (e.g. move messages from Office Watch mailing list into the Newsletters folder). Check carefully to make sure that the details are correct and complete. Click Next
Select any additional criteria you would like to set , Select condition(s) by clicking on the underlined words and adding in your criteria.
Specify the details for those criteria in the Edit the rule description box (optional)
Type a name for the rule in the box for Specify a name for this rule
Tick the box next to Run this rule now... if you want to apply the rule to messages already received
When you are certain of the details of the rule and want to commit to it, click Finish
Your rule will now appear listed, with a description of the settings, in the Rules and Alerts dialog box
Password on
pst-file
To set a password on
your pst-file, you must bring up the Properties dialog of the pst-file in
Outlook.
File-> Data File Management…-> double click on your data file->
button: Change Password…
File-> Account Settings-> Account Settings…-> tab Data Files->
double click on your data file-> button: Change Password…
File-> Data File Management…-> double click on your data file-> button: Change Password…
File-> Account Settings-> Account Settings…-> tab Data Files-> double click on your data file-> button: Change Password…
CCNA
Cisco Certified Network Associate
Introduction to Networking and Network Basics :
It is important to understand what a network is and the
importance of networks themselves. Every
host has a Network Interface Card (NIC) that is used to connect it to a
network.
A hub is a network device that repeats information received
from a host to all other connects hosts. The hub will relay any information
received from Host A to Host B and Host C. This means that all the three hosts
can communicate with each other. Communication between hosts can be classified
into three types:
Unicast – Communication from
one host to another host only.
Broadcast – Communication
from one host to all the hosts in the network.
Multicast – Communication
from one host to few hosts only.
When a hub is used to network hosts, there are two problems
that arise:
A hub repeats information received from one host to all the
other hosts. To understand this, consider Host A sending a unicast message to
Host B. When the hub receives this message; it will relay the message to both
Host B and Host C. Even though the message was a unicast intended only for Host
B, Host C also receives it. It is up to Host C to read the message and discard
it after seeing that the message was not intended for it.
A hub creates a shared network medium where only a single
host can send packets at a time. If another host attempts to send packets at
the same time, a collision will occur. Then each device will need to resend
their packets and hope not to have a collision again. This shared network
medium is called a single collision domain. Imagine the impact of
having a single collision domain where 50 or 100 hosts are connected to hubs
that are interconnected and they are all trying to send data. That is just a
recipe for many collisions and an inefficient network.
The problems associated with hubs can cause severe
degradation of a network. To overcome these, switches are used
instead of hubs. Like hubs, switches are used to connect hosts in a network but
switches break up collision domain by providing a single collision domain for
every port. This means that every host (one host connects to one port on the
switch) gets its own collision domain thereby eliminating the collisions in the
network. With switches, each host can transmit data anytime. Switches simply
“switch” the data from one port to another in the switched network. Also,
unlike hubs, switches do not flood every packet out all ports. They switch a
unicast packet to the port where the destination host resides.
Now that you know how a switch works and improves a network,
consider the one problem associated with a switched network. Earlier, you
learned that hubs flood out all packets, even the unicast ones. A switch does
not flood out unicast packets but it does flood out a broadcast packet. All
hosts connected to a switched network are said to be in the same broadcast
domain. All hosts connected to it will receive any broadcast sent out in this
domain. While broadcasts are useful and essential for network operations, in a
large switched network too many broadcasts will slow down the network. To
remedy this situation, networks are broken into smaller sizes and these
separate networks are interconnected using routers. Routers do not allow
broadcasts to be transmitted across different networks it interconnects and
hence effectively breaks up a broadcast domain.
Mac Address
- 12 digit unique value.
IP Address use
to find the particular host in the network, it can be considered as 2 values,
bit Network bit and Host bit.
IP Address
rule for same network:
- Network
bit need to be same
- Host
bit need to be different.